Questions and Answers ​in MRI
  • Home
  • Complete List of Questions
  • …Magnets & Scanners
    • Basic Electromagnetism >
      • What causes magnetism?
      • What is a Tesla?
      • Who was Tesla?
      • What is a Gauss?
      • How strong is 3.0T?
      • What is a gradient?
      • Aren't gradients coils?
      • What is susceptibility?
      • How to levitate a frog?
      • What is ferromagnetism?
      • Superparamagnetism?
    • Magnets - Part I >
      • Types of magnets?
      • Brands of scanners?
      • Which way does field point?
      • Which is the north pole?
      • Low v mid v high field?
      • Advantages to low-field?
      • Disadvantages?
      • What is homogeneity?
      • Why homogeneity?
      • Why shimming?
      • Passive shimming?
      • Active shimming?
    • Magnets - Part II >
      • Superconductivity?
      • Perpetual motion?
      • How to ramp?
      • Superconductive design?
      • Room Temp supercon?
      • Liquid helium use?
      • What is a quench?
      • Is field ever turned off?
      • Emergency stop button?
    • Gradients >
      • Gradient coils?
      • How do z-gradients work?
      • X- and Y- gradients?
      • Open scanner gradients?
      • Eddy current problems?
      • Active shielded gradients?
      • Active shield confusion?
      • What is pre-emphasis?
      • Gradient heating?
      • Gradient specifications?
      • Gradient linearity?
    • RF & Coils >
      • Many kinds of coils?
      • Radiofrequency waves?
      • Phase v frequency?
      • RF Coil function(s)?
      • RF-transmit coils?
      • LP vs CP (Quadrature)?
      • Multi-transmit RF?
      • Receive-only coils?
      • Array coils?
      • AIR Coils?
    • Site Planning >
      • MR system layout?
      • What are fringe fields?
      • How to reduce fringe?
      • Magnetic shielding?
      • Need for vibration testing?
      • What's that noise?
      • Why RF Shielding?
      • Wires/tubes thru wall?
  • ...Safety and Screening
    • Overview >
      • ACR Safety Zones?
      • MR safety screening?
      • Incomplete screening?
      • Passive v active implants?
      • Conditional implants?
      • Common safety issues?
      • Projectiles?
      • Metal detectors?
      • Pregnant patients?
      • Postop, ER & ICU patients?
      • Temperature monitoring?
      • Orbital foreign bodies?
      • Bullets and shrapnel?
    • Static Fields >
      • "Dangerous" metals?
      • "Safe" metals?
      • Magnetizing metal?
      • Object shape?
      • Forces on metal?
      • Most dangerous place?
      • Force/torque testing?
      • Static field bioeffects?
      • Dizziness/Vertigo?
      • Flickering lights?
      • Metallic taste?
    • RF Fields >
      • RF safety overview?
      • RF biological effects?
      • What is SAR?
      • SAR limits?
      • Operating modes?
      • How to reduce SAR?
      • RF burns?
      • Estimate implant heating?
      • SED vs SAR?
      • B1+rms vs SAR?
      • Personnel exposure?
      • Cell phones?
    • Gradient Fields >
      • Gradient safety overview
      • Acoustic noise?
      • Nerve stimulation?
      • Gradient vs RF heating?
    • Safety: Neurological >
      • Aneurysm coils/clips?
      • Shunts/drains?
      • Pressure monitors/bolts?
      • Deep brain stimulators?
      • Spinal cord stimulators?
      • Vagal nerve stimulators?
      • Cranial electrodes?
      • Carotid clamps?
      • Peripheral stimulators?
      • Epidural catheters?
    • Safety: Head & Neck >
      • Additional orbit safety?
      • Cochlear Implants?
      • Bone conduction implants?
      • Other ear implants?
      • Dental/facial implants?
      • ET tubes & airways?
    • Safety: Chest & Vascular >
      • Breast tissue expanders?
      • Breast biopsy markers?
      • Airway stents/valves/coils?
      • Respiratory stimulators?
      • Ports/vascular access?
      • Swan-Ganz catheters?
      • IVC filters?
      • Implanted infusion pumps?
      • Insulin pumps & CGMs?
      • Vascular stents/grafts?
      • Sternal wires/implants?
    • Safety: Cardiac >
      • Pacemaker dangers?
      • Pacemaker terminology?
      • New/'Safe" Pacemakers?
      • Old/Legacy Pacemakers?
      • Violating the conditions?
      • Epicardial pacers/leads?
      • Cardiac monitors?
      • Heart valves?
      • Miscellaneous CV devices?
    • Safety: Abdominal >
      • PIllCam and capsules?
      • Gastric pacemakers?
      • Other GI devices?
      • Contraceptive devices?
      • Foley catheters?
      • Incontinence devices?
      • Penile Implants?
      • Sacral nerve stimulators?
      • GU stents and other?
    • Safety: Orthopedic >
      • Orthopedic hardware?
      • External fixators?
      • Traction and halos?
      • Bone stimulators?
      • Magnetic rods?
  • …The NMR Phenomenon
    • Spin >
      • What is spin?
      • Why I = ½, 1, etc?
      • Proton = nucleus = spin?
      • Predict nuclear spin (I)?
      • Magnetic dipole moment?
      • Gyromagnetic ratio (γ)?
      • "Spin" vs "Spin state"?
      • Energy splitting?
      • Fall to lowest state?
      • Quantum "reality"?
    • Precession >
      • Why precession?
      • Who was Larmor?
      • Energy for precession?
      • Chemical shift?
      • Net magnetization (M)?
      • Does M instantly appear?
      • Does M also precess?
      • Does precession = NMR?
    • Resonance >
      • MR vs MRI vs NMR?
      • Who discovered NMR?
      • How does B1 tip M?
      • Why at Larmor frequency?
      • What is flip angle?
      • Spins precess after 180°?
      • Phase coherence?
      • Release of RF energy?
      • Rotating frame?
      • Off-resonance?
      • Adiabatic excitation?
      • Adiabatic pulses?
    • Relaxation - Physics >
      • Bloch equations?
      • What is T1?
      • What is T2?
      • Relaxation rate vs time?
      • Why is T1 > T2?
      • T2 vs T2*?
      • Causes of Relaxation?
      • Dipole-dipole interactions?
      • Chemical Exchange?
      • Spin-Spin interactions?
      • Macromolecule effects?
      • Which H's produce signal?
      • "Invisible" protons?
      • Magnetization Transfer?
      • Bo effect on T1 & T2?
      • How to predict T1 & T2?
    • Relaxation - Clincial >
      • T1 bright? - fat
      • T1 bright? - other oils
      • T1 bright? - cholesterol
      • T1 bright? - calcifications
      • T1 bright? - meconium
      • T1 bright? - melanin
      • T1 bright? - protein/mucin
      • T1 bright? - myelin
      • Magic angle?
      • MT Imaging/Contrast?
  • …Pulse Sequences
    • MR Signals >
      • Origin of MR signal?
      • Free Induction Decay?
      • Gradient echo?
      • TR and TE?
      • Spin echo?
      • 90°-90° Hahn Echo?
      • Stimulated echoes?
      • STEs for imaging?
      • 4 or more RF-pulses?
      • Partial flip angles?
      • How is signal higher?
      • Optimal flip angle?
    • Spin Echo >
      • SE vs Multi-SE vs FSE?
      • Image contrast: TR/TE?
      • Opposite effects ↑T1 ↑T2?
      • Meaning of weighting?
      • Does SE correct for T2?
      • Effect of 180° on Mz?
      • Direction of 180° pulse?
    • Inversion Recovery >
      • What is IR?
      • Why use IR?
      • Phase-sensitive IR?
      • Why not PSIR always?
      • Choice of IR parameters?
      • TI to null a tissue?
      • STIR?
      • T1-FLAIR
      • T2-FLAIR?
      • IR-prepped sequences?
      • Double IR?
    • Gradient Echo >
      • GRE vs SE?
      • Multi-echo GRE?
      • Types of GRE sequences?
      • Commercial Acronyms?
      • Spoiling - what and how?
      • Spoiled-GRE parameters?
      • Spoiled for T1W only?
      • What is SSFP?
      • GRASS/FISP: how?
      • GRASS/FISP: parameters?
      • GRASS vs MPGR?
      • PSIF vs FISP?
      • True FISP/FIESTA?
      • FIESTA v FIESTA-C?
      • DESS?
      • MERGE/MEDIC?
      • GRASE?
      • MP-RAGE v MR2RAGE?
    • Susceptibility Imaging >
      • What is susceptibility (χ)?
      • What's wrong with GRE?
      • Making an SW image?
      • Phase of blood v Ca++?
      • Quantitative susceptibility?
    • Diffusion: Basic >
      • What is diffusion?
      • Iso-/Anisotropic diffusion?
      • "Apparent" diffusion?
      • Making a DW image?
      • What is the b-value?
      • b0 vs b50?
      • Trace vs ADC map?
      • Light/dark reversal?
      • T2 "shine through"?
      • Exponential ADC?
      • T2 "black-out"?
      • DWI bright causes?
    • Diffusion: Advanced >
      • Diffusion Tensor?
      • DTI (tensor imaging)?
      • Whole body DWI?
      • Readout-segmented DWI?
      • Small FOV DWI?
      • IVIM?
      • Diffusion Kurtosis?
    • Fat-Water Imaging >
      • Fat & Water properties?
      • F-W chemical shift?
      • In-phase/out-of-phase?
      • Best method?
      • Dixon method?
      • "Fat-sat" pulses?
      • Water excitation?
      • STIR?
      • SPIR?
      • SPAIR v SPIR?
      • SPIR/SPAIR v STIR?
  • …Making an Image
    • From Signals to Images >
      • Phase v frequency?
      • Angular frequency (ω)?
      • Signal squiggles?
      • Real v Imaginary?
      • Fourier Transform (FT)?
      • What are 2D- & 3D-FTs?
      • Who invented MRI?
      • How to locate signals?
    • Frequency Encoding >
      • Frequency encoding?
      • Receiver bandwidth?
      • Narrow bandwidth?
      • Slice-selective excitation?
      • SS gradient lobes?
      • Cross-talk?
      • Frequency encode all?
      • Mixing of slices?
      • Two slices at once?
      • Simultaneous Multi-Slice?
    • Phase Encoding >
      • Phase-encoding gradient?
      • Single PE step?
      • What is phase-encoding?
      • PE and FE together?
      • 2DFT reconstruction?
      • Choosing PE/FE direction?
    • Performing an MR Scan >
      • What are the steps?
      • Automatic prescan?
      • Routine shimming?
      • Coil tuning/matching?
      • Center frequency?
      • Transmitter gain?
      • Receiver gain?
      • Dummy cycles?
      • Where's my data?
      • MR Tech qualifications?
    • Image Quality Control >
      • Who regulates MRI?
      • Who accredits?
      • Mandatory accreditation?
      • Routine quality control?
      • MR phantoms?
      • Geometric accuracy?
      • Image uniformity?
      • Slice parameters?
      • Image resolution?
      • Signal-to-noise?
      • Ghosting?
  • …K-space & Rapid Imaging
    • K-space (Basic) >
      • What is k-space?
      • Parts of k-space?
      • What does "k" stand for?
      • Spatial frequencies?
      • Locations in k-space?
      • Data for k-space?
      • Why signal ↔ k-space?
      • Spin-warp imaging?
      • Big spot in middle?
      • K-space trajectories?
      • Radial sampling?
    • K-space (Advanced) >
      • K-space grid?
      • Negative frequencies?
      • Field-of-view (FOV)
      • Rectangular FOV?
      • Partial Fourier?
      • Phase symmetry?
      • Read symmetry?
      • Why not use both?
      • ZIP?
    • Rapid Imaging (FSE &EPI) >
      • What is FSE/TSE?
      • FSE parameters?
      • Bright Fat?
      • Other FSE differences?
      • Dual-echo FSE?
      • Driven equilibrium?
      • Reduced flip angle FSE?
      • Hyperechoes?
      • SPACE/CUBE/VISTA?
      • Echo-planar imaging?
      • HASTE/SS-FSE?
    • Parallel Imaging (PI) >
      • What is PI?
      • How is PI different?
      • PI coils and sequences?
      • Why and when to use?
      • Two types of PI?
      • SENSE/ASSET?
      • GRAPPA/ARC?
      • CAIPIRINHA?
      • Compressed sensing?
      • Noise in PI?
      • Artifacts in PI?
  • …Contrast Agents
    • Contrast Agents: Physics >
      • Why Gadolinium?
      • Paramagnetic relaxation?
      • What is relaxivity?
      • Why does Gd shorten T1?
      • Does Gd affect T2?
      • Gd & field strength?
      • Best T1-pulse sequence?
      • Triple dose and MT?
      • Dynamic CE imaging?
      • Gadolinium on CT?
    • Contrast Agents: Clinical >
      • So many Gd agents!
      • Important properties?
      • Ionic v non-ionic?
      • Intra-articular/thecal Gd?
      • Gd liver agents (Eovist)?
      • Mn agents (Teslascan)?
      • Feridex & Liver Agents?
      • Lymph node agents?
      • Ferumoxytol?
      • Blood pool (Ablavar)?
      • Bowel contrast agents?
    • Contrast Agents: Safety >
      • Gadolinium safety?
      • Allergic reactions?
      • Renal toxicity?
      • What is NSF?
      • NSF by agent?
      • Informed consent for Gd?
      • Gd protocol?
      • Is Gd safe in infants?
      • Reduced dose in infants?
      • Gd in breast milk?
      • Gd in pregnancy?
      • Gd accumulation?
      • Gd deposition disease?
  • …Cardiovascular and MRA
    • Flow effects in MRI >
      • Defining flow?
      • Expected velocities?
      • Laminar v turbulent?
      • Predicting MR of flow?
      • Time-of-flight effects?
      • Spin phase effects?
      • Flow void?
      • Why GRE ↑ flow signal?
      • Slow flow v thrombus?
      • Even-echo rephasing?
      • Flow-compensation?
      • Flow misregistration?
    • MR Angiography - I >
      • MRA methods?
      • Dark vs bright blood?
      • Time-of-Flight (TOF) MRA?
      • 2D vs 3D MRA?
      • MRA parameters?
      • Magnetization Transfer?
      • Ramped flip angle?
      • MOTSA?
      • Fat-suppressed MRA?
      • TOF MRA Artifacts?
      • Phase-contrast MRA?
      • What is VENC?
      • Measuring flow?
      • 4D Flow Imaging?
      • How accurate?
    • MR Angiography - II >
      • Gated 3D FSE MRA?
      • 3D FSE MRA parameters?
      • SSFP MRA?
      • Inflow-enhanced SSFP?
      • MRA with ASL?
      • Other MRA methods?
      • Contrast-enhanced MRA?
      • Timing the bolus?
      • View ordering in MRA?
      • Bolus chasing?
      • TRICKS or TWIST?
      • CE-MRA artifacts?
    • Cardiac I - Intro/Anatomy >
      • Cardiac protocols?
      • Patient prep?
      • EKG problems?
      • Magnet changes EKG?
      • Gating v triggering?
      • Gating parameters?
      • Heart navigators?
      • Dark blood/Double IR?
      • Why not single IR?
      • Triple IR?
      • Polar plots?
      • Coronary artery MRA?
    • Cardiac II - Function >
      • Beating heart movies?
      • Cine parameters?
      • Real-time cine?
      • Ventricular function?
      • Tagging/SPAMM?
      • Perfusion: why and how?
      • 1st pass perfusion?
      • Quantifying perfusion?
      • Dark rim artifact
    • Cardiac III - Viability >
      • Gd enhancement?
      • TI to null myocardium?
      • PS (phase-sensitive) IR?
      • Wideband LGE?
      • T1 mapping?
      • Iron/T2*-mapping?
      • Edema/T2-mapping?
      • Why/how stress test?
      • Stess drugs/agents?
      • Stress consent form?
  • …MR Artifacts
    • Tissue-related artifacts >
      • Chemical shift artifact?
      • Chemical shift in phase?
      • Reducing chemical shift?
      • Chemical Shift 2nd Kind?
      • In-phase/out-of phase?
      • IR bounce point?
      • Susceptibility artifact?
      • Metal suppression?
      • Dielectric effect?
      • Dielectric Pads?
    • Motion-related artifacts >
      • Why discrete ghosts?
      • Motion artifact direction?
      • Reducing motion artifacts?
      • Saturation pulses?
      • Gating methods?
      • Respiratory comp?
      • Navigator echoes?
      • PROPELLER/BLADE?
    • Technique-related artifacts >
      • Partial volume effects?
      • Slice overlap?
      • Aliasing?
      • Wrap-around artifact?
      • Eliminate wrap-around?
      • Phase oversampling?
      • Frequency wrap-around?
      • Spiral/radial artifacts?
      • Gibbs artifact?
      • Nyquist (N/2) ghosts?
      • Zipper artifact?
      • Data artifacts?
      • Surface coil flare?
      • MRA Artifacts (TOF)?
      • MRA artifacts (CE)?
  • …Functional Imaging
    • Perfusion I: Intro & DSC >
      • Measuring perfusion?
      • Meaning of CBF, MTT etc?
      • DSC v DCE v ASL?
      • How to perform DSC?
      • Bolus Gd effect?
      • T1 effects on DSC?
      • DSC recirculation?
      • DSC curve analysis?
      • DSC signal v [Gd]
      • Arterial input (AIF)?
      • Quantitative DSC?
    • Perfusion II: DCE >
      • What is DCE?
      • How is DCE performed?
      • How is DCE analyzed?
      • Breast DCE?
      • DCE signal v [Gd]
      • DCE tissue parmeters?
      • Parameters to images?
      • K-trans = permeability?
      • Utility of DCE?
    • Perfusion III: ASL >
      • What is ASL?
      • ASL methods overview?
      • CASL?
      • PASL?
      • pCASL?
      • ASL parameters?
      • ASL artifacts?
      • Gadolinium and ASL?
      • Vascular color maps?
      • Quantifying flow?
    • Functional MRI/BOLD - I >
      • Who invented fMRI?
      • How does fMRI work?
      • BOLD contrast?
      • Why does BOLD ↑ signal?
      • Does BOLD=brain activity?
      • BOLD pulse sequences?
      • fMRI Paradigm design?
      • Why "on-off" comparison?
      • Motor paradigms?
      • Visual?
      • Language?
    • Functional MRI/BOLD - II >
      • Process/analyze fMRI?
      • Best fMRI software?
      • Data pre-processing?
      • Registration/normalization?
      • fMRI statistical analysis?
      • General Linear Model?
      • Activation "blobs"?
      • False activation?
      • Resting state fMRI?
      • Analyze RS-fMRI?
      • Network/Graphs?
      • fMRI at 7T?
      • Mind reading/Lie detector?
      • fMRI critique?
  • …MR Spectroscopy
    • MRS I - Basics >
      • MRI vs MRS?
      • Spectra vs images?
      • Chemical shift (δ)?
      • Measuring δ?
      • Backward δ scale?
      • Predicting δ?
      • Size/shapes of peaks?
      • Splitting of peaks?
      • Localization methods?
      • Single v multi-voxel?
      • PRESS?
      • STEAM?
      • ISIS?
      • CSI?
    • MRS II - Clinical ¹H MRS >
      • How-to: brain MRS?
      • Water suppression?
      • Fat suppression?
      • Normal brain spectra?
      • Choice of TR/TE/etc?
      • Hunter's angle?
      • Lactate inversion?
      • Metabolite mapping?
      • Metabolite quantitation?
      • Breast MRS?
      • Gd effect on MRS?
      • How-to: prostate MRS?
      • Prostate spectra?
      • Muscle ¹H-MRS?
      • Liver ¹H-MRS?
      • MRS artifacts?
    • MRS III - Multi-nuclear >
      • Other nuclei?
      • Why phosphorus?
      • How-to: ³¹P MRS
      • Normal ³¹P spectra?
      • Organ differences?
      • ³¹P measurements?
      • Decoupling?
      • NOE?
      • Carbon MRS?
      • Sodium imaging?
      • Xenon imaging?
  • ...Artificial Intelligence
    • AI Part I: Basics >
      • Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
      • What is a neural network?
      • Machine Learning (ML)?
      • Shallow v Deep ML?
      • Shallow networks?
      • Deep network types?
      • Data prep and fitting?
      • Back-Propagation?
      • DL 'Playground'?
    • AI Part 2: Advanced >
      • What is convolution?
      • Convolutional Network?
      • Softmax?
      • Upsampling?
      • Limitations/Problems of AI?
      • Is the Singularity near?
    • AI Part 3: Image processing >
      • AI in clinical MRI?
      • Super-resolution?
  • ...Tissue Properties Imaging
    • MRI of Hemorrhage >
      • Hematoma overview?
      • Types of Hemoglobin?
      • Hyperacute/Oxy-Hb?
      • Acute/Deoxy-Hb?
      • Subacute/Met-Hb?
      • Deoxy-Hb v Met-Hb?
      • Extracellular met-Hb?
      • Chronic hematomas?
      • Hemichromes?
      • Ferritin/Hemosiderin?
      • Subarachnoid blood?
      • Blood at lower fields?
    • T2 cartilage mapping
    • MR Elastography?
    • Synthetic MRI?
    • Amide Proton Transfer?
    • MR thermography?
    • Electric Properties Imaging?
  • Copyright/Legal
    • Copyright Issues
    • Legal Disclaimers
  • Forums/Blogs/Links
  • What's New
  • Self-test Quizzes - NEW!
    • Magnets & Scanners Quiz
    • Safety & Screening Quiz
    • NMR Phenomenon Quiz
    • Pulse Sequences Quiz
    • Making an Image Quiz
    • K-space & Rapid Quiz
    • Contrast & Blood Quiz
    • Cardiovascular & MRA Quiz

MR Safety: Aneurysm Clips

Which aneurysm clips are MR Unsafe? What about endovascular aneurysm coils?
aneurysm clips MR safety
Read MR Safety Disclaimer Before Proceeding
The first (and to my knowledge only fatal event) occurring in an MRI patient with a cerebral aneurysm clip occurred in Texas in 1993. The details of this case are worth reviewing, as they provide some lessons for MR safety.
aneurysm bleed mriFatal intracranial hemorrhage from movement of a ferromagnetic aneurysm clip (From Radiology 1993; 187:855)
The patient was a 74-year-old woman who was known to have an aneurysm clip implanted 15 years previously at another institution. Not knowing the nature of the clip, the MR Center originally refused to perform the scan. The patient's family directly contacted the neurosurgeon who placed the clip, reporting back that the implant was a "Yasargil clip" (known to be "MR Compatible").  The MRI was scheduled, and as the patient reached a point about 4 feet from the bore of the 1.5T magnet, she complained of a severe headache. She was transferred to the emergency room where a massive intracranial hemorrhage was noted. At autopsy a tear in the arterial wall was found at the site of clip placement with fresh blood. Upon removal and inspection, the clip was found not to be a "Yasargil" but rather a "Codman Sundt-Kees Vari-Angle Clip" known to be highly ferromagnetic and contraindicated for MRI. This was confirmed in the original operative note obtained posthumously from microfilm.

The lesson we all learned from this is that you cannot simply take the word of a patient or family member about the identity of an aneurysm clip (or other implant). You need to see the actual implant card or operative note with specific information (e.g., manufacturer, type/model, lot/serial number) before making a decision about MR safety.
Fortunately, ferromagnetic cerebral aneurysm clips have not been manufactured since the mid-1980s, and thus will rarely be encountered in patients today. All modern aneurysm clips are composed of titanium titanium-alloys, MP35N (nickel/chromium/cobalt), Elgiloy/Phynox (cobalt/nickel/iron) or other non- or at most minimally ferromagnetic properties. Thus virtually any cerebral aneurysm clip implanted in the last 25 years will be MR compatible at least up to 3.0T.
MR Unsafe Aneurysm Clips
Historical List of MR Unsafe Aneurysm Clips
Today a significant fraction of intracranial aneurysms are treated endovascularly with detachable coils and stents. Their composition is typically platinium, Nitinol, or platinium-irridium. These devices are made by multiple companies and to my knowledge all are MR Conditional at 1.5T and 3.0T with no waiting period required following implantation.

Advanced Discussion (show/hide)»

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References
     
Dujovny M, Agner C, Ide O, Perlin A. Self-closing aneurysm clip: a historical review. Neurol Res 2010; 32:1011-1020.  [DOI LINK]
     Kangarlu A, Shellock FG. Aneurysm clips: evaluation of magnetic field interactions with an 8.0 T MR system. J Magn Reson Imaging 2000;12:107-111. (not all clips safe at 3.0T may be safe at 8.0T)
     Klucznik RP, Carrier DA, Paka, Haid RW. Placement of a ferromagnetic intracerebral aneurysm clip in a magnetic field with a fatal outcome. Radiology 1993;187:855-856.
     
McFadden JT. Magnetic resonance imaging and aneurysm clips. A review. J Neurosurg 2012; 117; 1-11.
     Shellock FG. Valencerina S. In vitro evaluation of MR imaging issues at 3-T for aneurysm clips made from MP35N: Findings and information applied to 155 additional aneurysm clips. Am J Neuroradiol 2010;31:615-619.
     
Slesnick TC, Schreier J, Soriano BD, et al. Safety of magnetic resonance imaging after implantation of stainless steel embolization coils. Pediatric Cardiol 2016; 37:62-67.
     Society for Medical Physics of the Netherlands (NVKF). Guideline use of MRI in patients with implants. Module 2: MRI in patients with cerebral aneurysm clip. English version 2021.

Related Questions
     Are all stents and stent grafts safe to scan? Isn't there a waiting period after implantation? 

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